This book
is about the times at the Second World War end and what happened just before
the ending and up to later years with respect to the relation between Finland
and the Soviet Union. There was a treaty made up, the YYA-treaty (Friendship,
Cooperation and mutual Assistance) that would become a heavy burden for Finland
all up to 1992. The book takes up a couple of extradition errands among them my
own mother that was jailed 14 months in Finland risking being handed over to
the Soviet as a traitor and executed. Unfortunately the book has not so far been translated from Finnish.
Down below
follows the English translation of my mother’s records taken from pages 131-136
of the book.
In March 1948
the Finnish secret police (VALPO) is receiving information about a dental
technician student seeking authorization to travel to Sweden to continue her
studies. The secret police is on alert as they are aware about a coming defense
agreement between Finland and the Soviet Union (the YYA) that will regulate the
exchange of POWs amongst other matters.
The secret
police had incriminating information on Helena Gummerus past. According to
them, during the war she had first served with the Soviet intelligence forces,
and then the German army employed in partisans exploration missions. It seemed,
therefore, to be the worst kind of traitor, possibly even a peace treaty article
9, paragraph 1a - referring to a war criminals. Gummerus was arrested on her
way to work Wednesday 03/17/1948.
Helena
Koivistoinen was born on 1921/08/08 in Leningrad. She had done her 3 years of
Finnish primary school and then being moved to a Russian school. In 1936, she started
to study to become primary school teacher. After graduating in 1939, she had earned
the degree of a Russian elementary school teacher in Leningrad. In 1940, Helena
had moved to the city itself, and completed her matriculation, after which she
began studying to become a dentist. War broke out and Helena Koivistoinen was
enrolled in the service of the Red Cross. The Germans arrived to the gates of
Leningrad and besieged the city – Helena was then working as a Red Cross nurse
at the front-lines caring for wounded soldiers.
In March
1942 she had been asked to move the Soviet military intelligence service, which
Helena Koivistoinen did agree to. She was taken to a Leningrad suburb house
where there were other reconnaissance mission recruits. There Helena Koivistoinen
was given decent food, so that she would be able to “eat herself up” before getting
into real action. When the Finnish secret police questioned Helena Koivistoinen
she assured them that she had taken the job only to get the special food
rations to survive, she only weighted 45 kilos and to get out of the besieged
city, where there was nothing but starvation and death.
Helena Koivistoinen
had been told that she trained for reconnaissance mission behind the German's
lines. When she was physically fit enough and trained she was transported to
the airport and dropped at night by parachute behind the lines. After walking
in the woods the whole night and the following day Helena Koivistoinen fell
asleep at the foot of a tree. Upon waking in the morning 7 April 1942 she noticed
that her feet were frost-bitten. She had difficulty walking but she managed to
reach a village. There Helena Koivistoinen had gone to the first house asking
for something to drink. Servants of the house said that they were prohibited helping
unknown people. Just minutes later a German military patrol arrived taking
custody of Helena Koivistoinen.
She had
been locked up in a room, and just after the patrol leader had left, the soldier
left on guard outside threatened to shoot the partisan girl he thought she was.
The next day Helena Koivistoinen had been taken in for questioning at the
nearby German headquarters. She had told the interrogators truthfully about her
parachute mission and about her orders, the task to obtain information on the
German positions and troops, after which she was to return back on foot to
report. Helena Koivistoinen told during questioning that she never had any
intention of completing the mission that she only wanted to have food to
survive and to get away from Leningrad. Helena Koivistoinen had been detained
for about a month, after which she enrolled in the German army. Her duties were
to serve as a maid and to do laundry at the German headquarters, but also
occasionally serve as an interpreter when the Germans interrogated Russian
prisoners of war. A few times she had been involved in partisan scouting
expeditions, meaning when the Germans were hunting for partisans in neighboring
villages. Helena Koivistoinen was sent to villages to gather intelligence on whether
the partisans were present or had been visiting. Locals were generally very
careful about talking about partisans, but if she did observe that something
was going on, she reported back to the Germans, who "would take
appropriate measures, and when detained persons being interrogated keeping her
outside not to compromise her."
In the
spring of 1943 when the Germans were losing out to the Soviet army and started
pulling back Helena Koivistoinen was given the opportunity to move to Finland,
a gesture that she had been serving well and that the Germans wanted to save
her life. A self-written biography, a recommendation letter and a formal
application for immigration made up with the help from the German headquarters was
sent to Finland and the State police, who replied approving Helena’s move. On
September 25, 1943 Helena Koivistoinen entered the ship bringing her to Hanko.
From there
Helena Koivistoinen had to go to Helsinki for an interview with
the Finnish secret police - VALPO. At her interview she was told that the Germans
had granted her the Iron cross medal, second order for bravery. On October 2,
the day she was released she was sent to the Lohja refugee camp, through which she
later acquired her first Finnish employment as a dental technician by a local
dentist.
Helena Koivistoinen
transferred from Lohja to work in Helsinki. She had received a dental
technician student's place at Dental Laboratory Oy. In 1946 Helena Koivistoinen
and Bengt Georg Gummerus got married. The family’s daughter Margaret Daisy Peggy
was born 1947/04/07. Finland’s secret polices view of Helena Gummerus was that
she had to be returned to the Soviet Union, according to the Paris Peace Treaty
article 9.
Bengt
Gummerus wrote to the Foreign Ministry and to the Parliamentary Ombudsman. He
felt it was inconceivable that the secret police could hold a Finnish citizen
in custody, who his wife unquestionably was. Gummerus argued that the ban on
Soviet citizens of the country to get married with a foreigner had come into
force on 02.15.1947, and that they had already been married at the time, so the
invocation of Soviet law was illegal. Gummerus wondered why the government's
Committee on Foreign Affairs only postponed and postponed decision-making. In
his opinion, the arrest and keeping in prison of a Finnish citizen was an insult
to all the western nation’s legal systems, and in addition the human factor:
"Separating the mother and her new-born child for a year, keeping a mother
in detention for months without any reason is making war against all
humanity". This is what my brave father wrote.
The Foreign
ministry did not dare to make a decision one way or the other. Helena Gummerus was
the issue of the Government's Committee on Foreign Affairs meeting on 1948/10/16.
All the other prisoners of war at the time were detained but as far as "traitors"
like Helena Gummerus, it was already decided to dispose of. In her “case”, the
matter was left open. The Soviet embassy was informed of the decision. It was
reported that "the USSR, the 'Alliance Surrender Requirement also applies
to Helena Gummerus-Koivistoista, which in 1946 did receive Finnish citizenship
rights by marriage to a Finnish citizen. In this relation, her isolation from
her husband and small child will without doubt upset the public opinion; the
government hopes that she will be allowed to stay in Finland. The Soviet Union
did not react. Foreign Minister Enckell still sent a personal letter to the
Soviet ambassador, but got no reply.
In February
1949 Helena Gummerus turned to the Ministry of the Interior making a request
that the police would interrogate her again, because in the secret police
interrogation protocol there were had been mistakes. She claimed that while
being interrogated she had been experiencing high fever and had not been able
to follow closely the course of the interrogation, still conceding that her
signing of the protocol was correct.
A new round
of secret police hearings were granted and when it came to the question how she
was approached by the Soviet military intelligence service she stated that it
was not never clear what was asked from her to change from working for the Red
Cross, just to something else granted better food rations. She also denied that
she had ever was given the knowledge about to engage in a military intelligence
mission, she said she was only given food and a parachute and dropped from a
plane. She also denied that after being detained by the Germans that her arrest
lasted for several weeks, she claimed that she was released after 2 days in custody
being on her own to do laundry and cleaning. She adamantly denied that she had
been an interpreter involved in prisoner of war interrogations and that she
taken part in partisan hunting. But at the end all that Helena Gummerus is
saying at these new hearings does contradict the biography and recommendations
by the German military at her application to immigrate to Finland.
In April
1949, Bengt Gummerus wrote again for the MFA. His wife had now been thirteen months
behind bars, but there is still no solution to the family’s problem in sight. The
Soviet Union had not responded to any government proposal, from which it was
hoped that Helena Gummerus would receive a permanent stay in Finland although
that a settlement of the situation of a Soviet traitor would be of interest for
Finland’s eastern neighbor. However, Gummerus did not understand why the opinion
of the Soviet Union was ever asked, after all, his wife was a Finnish national.
According to Bengt, Helena’s health had dramatically deteriorated. He could no longer
help but cry, he thought that the end was near for his wife. So he asked the
Ministry to finally do something.
The Foreign
Ministry dispatched another prison doctor for an opinion, which supported Bengt’s
information presented in the “Gummerus letter”. On May 10, 1949, the State
Council's Foreign Affairs Committee decided to release Helena Gummerus after
nearly fourteen months of detention. Her condition was the only fact making it
improbable for her to leave the country.
Epilogue
Shortly
after my mother was released from prison the whole salvage operation planned
since long was put into operation. As my father had influential connections
with the government he had got information that his wife was going to be
arrested again as soon as the whole situation had calmed down. There was a lot
going on abroad concerning my mother’s case, she was written about in Europe
and the USA as one of those early “human rights” cases, long before Amnesty
International. We all know what happens when then “chatter” lowers or ends; the
sinister forces never drop a matter of interest. My father wondered why Finland
would bother to inform the Soviet about my mother, keepsakes of course,
exchange of commodities, in this case high valued prisoners of war or other
political values. This is the “modus operandi” of any nation even the USA, no
matter how pure it is.
As soon as
my mother was free, a van carried them northwards towards to the northern
border between Sweden and Finland with stops at various friendly cottages of my
father’s family; they crossed the frozen river between Finnish Tornio and
Swedish Haparanda by foot one cold winter night with only the clothes they were
wearing while carrying their daughter.
Was my
mother a traitor? Definitely not from a Finnish viewpoint, a tiny country
allied with Germany against a salvage enemy, the Soviet Union. I see her as a survivor, a hero, one of the
younger ones finding a way towards life and the living. The tales I heard her
telling me especially of her encounter with the Germans is of a highly
sophisticated culture and nation something so far from what she had been used
to growing up in the Soviet Union, with big parts of her family deported and executed
from being ethnically incompatible with a bolshevist philosophy. Just before
accepting the offer to get food and a possibility to save her getting out of
Leningrad, a killing field, she had found her pregnant sister dying on the
streets, managing to save her and her baby by getting “them” to a hospital. Her
sister’s husband had died from starvation just a few days before.
Was my
mother a traitor from a Soviet’s point of view, hardly, as she as a mere
skeleton was taken advantage of to perform a deadly mission for a few slices of
bread?
I have a
mother to be proud of and she is still alive. I am doing my best to care for
her as she did for me many years ago. She is my greatest hero.
What you have been reading here is based on to almost 100% Finnish secret police protocols and government memorandums and I can assure you that they correspond well with the my personal interviews with my mother, but, in between these lines there is much more, so much more.